Cambridge encyclopedia language pdf

The structure of sentences -- Spoken and written syntax -- Types of sentence -- Sentence structure -- Sentence functions -- Clause elements and types -- Phrases-- Noun phrases -- Verb phrases -- Multiple sentences -- Abbreviation -- Disjuncts and comment clauses -- Reporting speech -- Sentence information -- Beyond the sentence -- pt. Spoken and written English -- The sound system -- Phonetics and phonology -- Vocal organs -- Vowels -- Consonants -- Syllables -- Connected speech -- Prosody -- Sound symbolism -- Pronunciation in practice -- The writing system -- Graphetics and graphology -- Typography -- The alphabet -- Properties of letters -- Letter frequency -- Letter distribution -- Letter symbolism -- Analysing handwriting -- Graphetic variety -- Spelling -- Sources of irregularity -- Spelling reform -- Punctuation -- The development of the writing system -- pt.

Using English -- Varieties of discourse -- Structure vs use -- Pragmatic issues -- The nature of discourse -- Microlinguistic studies -- Texts and varieties -- Speech vs writing -- Mixed medium -- Monologue and dialogue -- Personal variation -- Individual differences -- Deviance -- Word games -- Rule-breaking varieties -- The edges of language -- Jokes and puns -- Comic alphabets -- Variety humour -- Literary freedom -- Phonetics and phonology -- Graphetics and graphology -- Grammar and lexicon -- Discourse and variety -- Stylometry -- pt.

Learning about English -- Learning English as a mother tongue -- Child language acquisition -- Literacy -- Grammatical development -- Early words and sounds -- Reading and writing -- Insufficient language -- Language disability -- New ways of studying English -- Technological revolution -- Corpus studies -- National and international corpora -- Dictionaries -- Innovations -- Sources and resources -- Appendices -- I.

Glossary -- II. Special symbols and abbreviations -- III. Download Free PDF. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Adam Duckworth. A short summary of this paper.

Download Download PDF. Translate PDF. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language David Crystal Cambridge: CUP Rarely has a book so packed with accurate and well researched factual information been so widely read and popularly acclaimed. This Second Edition of The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language has been fully revised for a new generation of language-lovers. The book is longer and includes extensive new material on world English and Internet English, in addition to completely updated statistics, further reading suggestions and other references.

David Crystal is a leading authority on language, and author of many books, including most recently Shakespeare's Words Penguin, , Language and the Internet Cambridge, and Language Death Cambridge, An internationally renowned writer, journal editor, lecturer and broadcaster, he received an Order of the British Empire in for his services to the English language.

Modelling English; Part I. The History of English: 2. The origins of English; 3. These sections are not organized alpha- of further review, but space limitations pro- betically, which might be expected in an en- hibit a discussion of their contents. One deficiency, topics would fall naturally into the I 1 parts; nevertheless, is that the distinctive features but one also does not feel that the topics were discussed are the acoustic-based ones.

Fea- squeezed procrustean fashion into these parts. In the last chapter he rily based features, which have been around analyzes the strengthening of the national lan- for more than 20 years, are accessible to the guage guoyu in Taiwan and putonghua in the intelligent layperson. T h e discussion of the Mainland in a multilingual and multidialec- sound spectrographs is also dated. The Kaye tal situation.

Chapters study the evolution Sonograph people would no doubt have gladly of Chinese through time. In a few places the print language, while chapters 8 and 9 present the zy is too small p. T h e intended audience for this book is I n the following I will present chapters 2 to doubtless the educated layperson who has an 9 in a little more detail.

The quality of discussion Chapter 2 concentrates on the phonology of is so high and the scope ofthe book is so broad, three periods: Old and Middle Chinese as well however, that the practicing linguist will be as O l d M a n d a r i n. T h e evolution of t h e able to consult this book frequently. For ex- Chinese script from the late Shang dynasty ample, the book can serve as a subject matter until today is described in chapter 3. Crystal begins by contextualising his work on prosody within existing studies, before going on to discuss voice quality and sound attributes in prosodic systems.

There are also comprehensive studies of the grammar, semantics and intonation of the spoken English language. This book provides a useful theoretical base for the study of language, prosody and intonation, and will be enjoyed by all with an interest in linguistics and speech patterns in general, and in the academic works of David Crystal more specifically. Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World is an authoritative single-volume reference resource comprehensively describing the major languages and language families of the world.

Based on the highly acclaimed and award-winning Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, this volume will provide an edited collection of almost articles throughout which a representative subset of the world's major languages are unfolded and explained in up-to-date terminology and authoritative interpretation, by the leading scholars in linguistics.

No other single volume will match the extent of language coverage or the authority of the contributors of Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. The rapid endangerment and death of many minority languages across the world is a matter of widespread concern, not only among linguists and anthropologists but among all interested in the issues of cultural identity in an increasingly globalized culture. A leading commentator and popular writer on langauge issues, David Crystal asks the fundamental question, "Why is language death so important?

By some counts, only of the 6, or so languages in the world are "safe" from the threat of extinction.